The importantest events of the history of Estonia in the light of European events.


The sources of information used: “Cronaca del XX secolo” (“ Chronicle of XX century”)– Mondolibri S.p.a. 1999;  “Eesti ajalugu” (History of Estonia) – Andres Adamson, Sulev Valdmaa – Koolibri 2001; http://militera.lib.ru/opinions/0017.html Konstantinov Sergej “The variant of force was not sole possible. “Occupation” of Baltic states as a product of politcal mythology”  (“Силовой вариант не был единственным. "Оккупация" Прибалтики 1940 года как продукт политического мифотворчества”).

The dates are indicated in the European sistem: day / mounth / year.

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1030 – the duce Jaroslav Sage conquested the small country town Tartu and built the fortress named Jurjev.

1219 – the king of Denmark Valdemar II conquested Tallinn and the north of Estonia.
 
1343 - 1345 – the rivolt of the night of Juri.

1561 – Sveden conquested Tallinn and the north of Estonia, a small part of Estonia was conquested by Poland. The Saaremaa island was conquested by Denmark.

1583 – the south of Estonia was conquested  by Poland.

1583 – the north of Estonia was conquested by Sveden.

1632 – the first univestity was open in Tartu.

1645 – Sveden conquested almost all territory of Estonia (except Setumaa).

1671 – the sistem of serfdone was introduced by general-governor Klas Totti.

1704 – Russia conquested the north of Estonia.

1721 – Russia bought Estonia from Sveden. The privileged language remained Deutch.
 
1816 – the end of the serfdone in Estonia.

7/05/1905 – Norway became indipendent of Sveden after a referendum. 

1905-1907 – the first Socialist revolution in Estonia (and in Russia).

1914 – beggining of the First World war.

1917, October – the second socialist revolution in Estonia (and in Russia), in result  Estonia became an autonomous Governorate of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic), for the first time in the history the national Estonian army was created, for the first time in the history one Estonian man became the governor - (Jaan) Poska became the Commissar of Governorate. Russia was proclaimed as the first Socialist Revolutionary State in the world.

1917, October – the Executive Soviet Commitee led by Jaan Anvelt (Estonian) came into power in Estonia, the Military-Revolutionary Commitee led by Viktor Kingisepp (Estonian) and Ivan Rabstcinskij (Russian or Jewish) was created too. The land, banks and enterprises were nationalized, the free expression was limited, but the parties of opposition continued their work. The “red terror” didn’t exist.

15/11/1917 – the Maapäev Union procalimed itself a only suprem authority in Estonia, but the bolsheviks repressed it, the leader Jaan Tõnisson (Estonian) was sent out of  Estonia.

1917, November – there was the election into the Constitutive Assembly in Russia (the RSFSR) and the Estonian citizens took part in it and voted for bolsheviks mostly (at Tallin 47%, at Narva 67%,  soldiers of the army - 60% of votes). But in Russia the bolsheviks got only ¼ of the votes. 

4/12/1917 – Finland proclaimed the independence of Russia.

9/02/1918 – tne “peace of bread” of Brest-Litovsk. Ucraina was recognized independent of Russia and was obliged to send foodstuffs to Germany, Austria, Ungary and Bulgary.

23-24/02/1918 – the Maapäev Union published the Manifest to all peoples of Estonia (Manifest kõigile Eestimaa rahvastele) and proclaimed the democratic idependent Republic of Estonia. All people registered in the local inhabitants’ registers before 24/02/1918, independently of nationality and faith, received the right to citizenship of Estonia.

25/02/1918 – Germany occupied Estonia and other Baltic States and created the dukedom of Germany composed of Estonia, Lativa and Litva.

3/03/1918 – peace of Brest-Litovsk. Russia renounced a right to Estonia, Finland, Liflandia, Ucraina, Giorgia, losing 27% of the territory. Ucraina became independend.

16/07/1918 – the Russian Tsar was assassinated.

4/09/1918 – Finland became an independent state on the basis of the right of self-deternination.

1918, November – revolution in Germany. New states appeared in Europe, the old one were reformed – monarchy became republic.

11/11/1918 – the temporary Government came into power in Estonia.
28/11/1918 – the war for independend began in Estonia. The Labour Community led by Jaan Anvelt (Estonian) was created at Narva.

1919, April – the socialists and workes were voted by overwhelming majority on the election into Constitutive Assembly in Estonia.

28/06/1919 – the peace treaty of Versaille was the official end of the Second World War.

2/02/1920 – the peace treaty of Tartu between Estonia and Russia/RSFSR (more exactly, Russia was represented by temporary Government of bolsheviks who  were at war with anticommunist and legal Russian Government with the aim to intoduce the communist regime). This treaty was very advantegeous for Estonia: the bolsheviks renounced a right to Estonia forever and recognized its independence, Estonia was recognized free of all engagements and debts, Estonia received from Russia 11,6 tons of gold  – 15 millions of gold roubles.  With this treaty for the first time in the history the borders of Estonia and its territory were defined. Estonia got even some Russian territories (later a part of this territories were given back to Russia). This treaty is also called the Certificate of birth of Estonia.
After the signing of this peace treaty Estonia helped to the bolsheviks to exterminate the "white" army - a Russian army which fought against the bolsceviks. Thus Estonia helped the bolsceviks' power strengthening and the communism developing in Russia.

14/10/1920 – the peace treaty between the RSFSR and Finland, the RSFSR (bolsceviki) recognized the independence of Finland.

17/11/1920 – the end of the civil war in the RSFSR, the bolsceviks won definitively. 

16/04/1922 – the Rapallo treaty, the RSFSR is recognized on international juridical level.

30/12/1922 – the USSR was created (Union of the Soviet Socialistic Republics), ½ of its inhabitants were not Russian.

1924 – socialists/communists tried to seize power in Estonia.

1930 and later – the presidents of Estonia, Latvia and Litva collaborated with the USSR and was paid for this. An Estonian historican Magnus Ilmjärv have recently found some documents which attest the collaboration and the activity like soviet agents of three presidents. Some documents attest that the presidents became the dictators with a help of the USSR.

1932 – the treaty of non-agression of USSR – France – Poland – Finland – Latvia – Estonia.

30/01/1933 – Hitler seized power and formed the dictatorial regime of Nazism in Germany.

1933 – the dictatorial regimes appear in almost all European countries.

1933 – the treaty of non-aggression of the USSR and Italia.

4/04/1934 – the terms of the USSR and the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) treaty of non-aggression ware prolonged for 10 years. The USSR confirmed the absence of the pretences in the questions of previous treaties.

1934 – Konstantin Päts became the dictator of Estonia and formed the regime of repression and persecution against opponents or simply unpleasent persons (including the poor). This period of dictatorship is called the “taciturn period”.
 
1934 – the treaty of non-aggression of Germany and Poland, the treaty of Balcans and other treaties around the world are signed.

12/09/1934 – the treaty of collaboration of the Baltic States.

1935 - all the parties were prohibited except "Isamaaliit" (The Union of the fatherland).

1936 – 1939 – the civil war in Spain, finished with the victory of Fascists.

1936 – the anti-Comintern treaty of Germany, Italy and Japan.

1937 – the war between Japan and Cina began.

15/03/1939 – Germany occupied Cecoslovacchia.

23/03/1939 – with the permittion of Lituania Germany annexed Memel.

24/03/1939 – the treaty of help between France and Great Britain was signed.

31/03/1939 – Great Britain promiced to give help to Poland in case of Germany’s aggression.

7/04/1939 – Italy occupied Albania.

28/04/1939 – Germany annuled the treaty of non-aggression signed with Poland.

19/05/1939 – the secret military treaty of France and Poland.

22/05/1939 -  the “ steel” treaty of Italy and Germany.

7/06/1939 – the treaty of non aggression between Estonia and Germany.

23/08/1939 – the treaty of Molotv – Ribentropp (the USSR – Germany) of non-aggression. In the secret protocols Estonia, Finland and other Baltic States was defined as a zone of influence of the USSR.

30/08/1939 – the mobilization in Poland.

1/09/1939 – the beginning of the Second World War. Germany attacked Poland.

3/09/1939 – Great Britain and France announced the war to Germany.

17/09/1939 – the Soviet army entered in Poland.

24/09/1939 – Estonia violated the neutrality in the war (the accident with the Polish submarine “Orzel”) and, consequently, the USSR required to sign a new bilateral treaty of collaboration. Estonia recognized one’s fault and began a collaboration.

27/09/1939 – the Government of Poland in exile transferred to Paris.

28/09/1939 – tne bilateral treaty of collaboration between Estonia and the USSR was signed. This treaty provided for establishment of militar bases of USSR (25.000 soldiers) in Estonia in exchange for payments. This treaty helped to Estonia to solv the grave economical problems wich were derived from war and consequent cessation of contacts with other countries. The USSR didn’t attack Estonia and didn’t  interfere into its internal affairs – Estonia continued to be an indpependent and sovereign state.
In the light of the Hitler’s theories, which indicate the small peoples like parasite rice that must be exterminated, Estonia was wery interested in receiving the USSR’s help.
The president-dictator Päts had all the possibilities to issue the act of  capitulation or the act of surrender of the country, if there would some irregularity of the USSR. But these acts wasn’t issued.
It’s right to say that the motivation of the bases was the same that uses the USA and NATO today: the common security.

5/10/1939 – the bilateral treaty Latvia- the USSR.

10/10/1939 - the bilateral treaty Lithuania - the USSR.

18/10/1939 – the beginning of the creation of the USSR’s bases in Estonia, the first soldiers arrived in Estonia. The Estonian Government and Estonian people met very cordially the USSR’s army, there was organized a special ceremony of greetings. Some Estonians shouted “Hurrah Stalin!” and other slogans of communist content. There were neither victims nor conflicts.
The USSR paid the rent and the medical and other services to Estonia. The soviet soldiers might not contact the Estonian communists.
Today some extremist-fanatics assert that it was the beggining of the occupation of Estonia.

1939, October – Hilter called all Germanians to repatriate from Estonia.
 
30/11/1939 – the USSR attacked Finland.

12/03/1940 – the peace treaty between the USSR – Finland was signed. Later, when Germany attacked the USSR, Finland took a part in the war as a Hitler’s ally.

1940, April - june – Danmark surrendered, France was occupied, the neutral countries Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg were attacked and occupied, Norway was capitulated.

10/06/1940 -  Italia entered into the war.

14/06/1940 – the USSR accused Lithuania of activity against the USSR, of sabotage of the treaty of non-aggression and of secret negotiations with Germany, and presented an ultimatum. The ultimatum asked for permission to increase the quantity of soviet soldiers in Lithuania and ordered to create a new government that could observ the previous treaty efficiently. The president-dictator of Lithuania Antanas Smetona gave his agreement to observ the ultimatum but after he fled into exile.

16/06/1940 - the USSR accused Latvia and Estonia of activity against the USSR, of sabotage of the treaty of non-aggression and of secret negotiations with Germany, and presented an ultimatum. The ultimatum asked for permission to increase the quantity of soviet soldiers in Latvia and Estonia and ordered to create a new government that could observ the previous treaty efficiently. The presidents-dictators gave their agreement to observ the ultimatum, neither of them issued the acts of capitulation or surrender, neither of them fled or formed the government in exile. The USSR was permitted to introduce the extra soldiers and the presidents collaborated with the USSR vivaciously.

17/06/1940 – the extra soviet soldiers were entered in Estonia (about 80.000). Even this time the Estonians met the soviet soldiers very cordially.
The Estonian general Johann Laidonner issued the order which permitted to soviet soldiers to control the means of communication, prohibited demonstrations and meetings. The simple citizens and militarized organizations were disarmed. The president – dictator Päts composed a new Government, Johann Vares-Barbarus (Estonian) was assigned to lead this new Government.
This date is used by some extremists-fanatics like the date of “occupation” – these fanatics omit to precise that the president didn’t essue the act of surrender (it was a duty of president in case of occupation) and actively colaborated with the USSR. The general Laidoner collaborated too.

18/06/1940 – the French general Charle de Golle created the commitee “For Free France”. The fact that no one Estonian created such a Commitee attests that the Estonians didn’t see any occupation or problem with their rights.

21/06/1940 – the dictator Päts announced the names of members of new Government composed by himself. The Estonians (communist and who didn’t like the dictatorial regime) organized the demonstrations of protest which became a disorder. The Estonians required to stop the dictatorship and to form the soviet Government by voting. To the Pikk Herman tower was put a red flag. The Estonians hoped in help of sovier army, but the soviet army helped the Estonian dictator and his Government. The soldiers repressed the demonstration and put back the Estonian flag to the tower.
This event is called the third socialist revolution.
It’s necessary to precise that the dictatorial regime was very injust and infamous, the people was very repressed. 

21/06 – 21/07/ 1940 – the dictator Päts and the head of new government  Johann Vares issued 126 orders, 34 lows - decrees, 4 lows. The diplomatics, the oublic officers and the simple citizens collaborated with the new Government actively. The embassies continued their work normally.

1940, the beginning of june – the dictator and his Government dissolved Parliament and announced a new election. The Union of the working of Estonia (Eesti Töötava Rahva Liit) was voted at 92,9 % of votes.

21/06/1940 – at the first sitting of Parliament Estonia was proclaimed the Socialist Republic by a unanimous vote.

22/06/1940 – the declaration of entry into the USSR.  

26/07/1940 – the “Times” of London specified that the unanimous decision to join to the USSR reflect not the Moscow pressure but the cincere comprehension of the only better alternative of Nazi Europa.

6/08/1940 – the USSR confirmed the entry of Estonia. The Estonian Parliament was trasformed into the Suprem Council headed by Joannes Vares (Estonian); the Government became the Council of Commissars of the people – it was headed by Johannes Lauristin (Estonian). The communist party was headed by Karl Säre (Estonian). All inhabitants received the citizenship without any discrimination.
It’s necessary to specify that all local authorities was composed of local Estonians and not Russians. Some Estonian communists lie with the aim to evoid the responsibility of compiled crimes when assert than authorities were composed of Russians or Russian communists.
The banks, the interprises, the land were nationalized, the poor received some land, there were happy and unhappy people.
The Estonian army entered into the soviet army and became a part of soviet army. This fact proves the absence of the situation of occupation or annextion.
The dictator Päts and general Laidonner were sent to Russia, inicially they received a pension but they were imprisonned after the Hitler attacked the USSR. Thet dead in the USSR in the prison. 

12/08/1940 – Germany attacked Great Britain.

14/06/1941 – the first deportation to Siberia was organized in the Societ Republic of Estonia and in the Republics of Latvia and Lithuania.
A part of popolation hid in the forests.
This deportation was organized by local Estonian Government and local communist and not by Russian communists – the Estonian and the Russian Governments collaborated in the crime. Nobody of members of Estonian authorities protested, nobody had the idea to part with USSR, therewith they extermianted their personal enemies and opponent and appropriated their personal proprety and real estate.

22/06/1941 – Germany attacked the USSR.

7/07/1941 - 1944 – the Nazi’s occupation of Estonian Soviet Republic. Another part of population hid in the forests and a part of them began fighting against Nazis. The former part of hidden in the forests - who was hid during the communist repression – formed the groups called “the forestal brothers” and began to exterminate the communists-socialists and their families, the sympathizer of communist ideas, the political opponents and the peaceful population. A part of them created the military organization “Self-defence” (Omakaitse) and very many of them joined a Vaffen SS brigades.
After the finish of the war a lot of Estonian Nazis hid in the forests trying to evoid the punishment for own crimes. They formed the bandit brigades, robbed, killed and terrorized the civil population – some of them were doing the fight against communism but the victims were mostly innocent civil citizen.
Today’s politicians name “the forestal brothers” all groups of  the persons who were hiding in the forests – without making any difference among the victims of Nazis, the victims of communists, Nazis and anti-Nazis – and call them “the fighters for freedom of Estonia”. Such a trick is used to justify the crimes of Estonian Nazis.
A lot of Estonians joined voluntarily a Vaffen SS brgades and the Nazi army and compiled the crimes following the Hitler’s ideology and exterminating the Estonian Jewish, the Jewish of other countries and the parasite-Estonians. Estonia was proclaimed the first (and only) country “free from the Jewish”.
The battalion “Erna” composed of Estonian Nazis arrived from Finland. This battalion had compiled a particularly brutal and bloody crimes against peaceful popolation of Estonia.
The Estonian Nazis wasn’t punished after the war and Estonia wasn’t denazified enough - that’s why today we can see the glorification of Nazism and Fascism in Estonia. Today’s Estonian government call the Nazis “the liberators of Estonia” and “the fighters for Estonian’s independence” – it’s the terrifying demagogy. Some Estonian politicians have declared that Estonia was an ally of Hitler.
It’s necessary to specify that Hitler had done the forced mobilization of Estonian population into Nazi army – that’s why is necessary to distinguish between volunteers and victims.
 

11/12/1941 – Hitler announced the war to the USA.

1944 - September – the Soviet Republic of Estonia was liberated from Nazis.  Some historicals assert that a little time before liberation some hypothetical Estonian Government  would have been created by Juri Oluots (Estonian – ex-Prime Minister of dictatorial regime) and Otto Tief (the name is German – the man was taking part in Government of dictatorial regime). This hypothetical Government would had been created for “restore the independence of Estonia” (to part with the USSR?) but the population didn’t know anything about this “Government” and the “Government” had never asked to part with USSR oficially. This “Government” used the Nazi flag.
After the liberation from Nazis the previous Estonian Government was restored and headed by Johann Vares, Eduard Päll (Estone) became a head from 1946. All importantest positions were always accupated by Estonians and not by Russian.

1944-1953 – the Estonian Nazis hid in the forests trying to avoid the punishment for their crimes. These “forestal brothers” formed several bandit brigades and robbed the food, the clothes and the objects of primary neccesity from the civil population. Even the children were killed. Today’s Estonian Government and politicians call these bandit organisations “The movement af resistance” and “the fighters for liberty” glorifying with this the Nazi crimes and ideology, and the crimes commited against Estonian people.

7/05/1945 – Germany signed the act of capitulation, which took a power the next day – the 8 of May.

25/03/1949 – the second deportations of the Estonians into Siberia, the victims are mostly the well-off paesans and the intellectual. The forests was cleand of bandits too.

5/03/1953 – the death of Stalin.

12/02/1974 – a famous write Aleksandr Solzenitsin (dissident, author of the books  “Archipelago Gulag”, “One day of Ivan Denisovits”) was sent out of the  USSR.

1980-th years – the crisis in the development of the USSR. Almost all intellectual persons were presecuted and nobody was capable to elaborate a programm of development. The socialism was created and nobody new how to trasform it into communism.

1985 – Gorbaciov began the “perestroika” – “reconstruction”. There was a revival of national feelengs in Estonia.

16/11/1988 – declaration of the independence of the USSR. The Russian people living in the north-est of Estonia on the ancient Russian territory requested for the autonomy and independence of Estonia, but the Estonian Government repressed this people meaning that the right to self-determination had only Estonian people. Today this people live under the grave discrimination and segregation, deprived of the human rights and dignity.

23/08/1989 – the peoples of Estonia, Latvia e Lithuania formed a “living chain” 600 km long and composed of 2 million of persons.

3/03/1991 – referendum on a question of independence. 77,8% of voted persons voted for independence (parting with the USSR). This referendum was the last democratic referendum in Estonia: after the USSR crashing a part of citizens was illegally deprived of right to vote and the Russian-speaking part of the Estonian citizens wasn’t more sufficiently informed about referendums and other important social events.

20/08/1991 – the socialist Estonian Government proclaimed the indepemdence of the USSR.

24/08/1991 – Russia recognized the independence of the USSR.

6/09/1991 – the USSR recognized the independence of Estonia.
 
28/06/1992 – the referendum on a question of the new Constitution of Estonia, a part of citizens may not vote. The new constitution was made like Constitution of dictatorial regime of 1939, the independence of three powers wasn’t guaranteed. There wasn’t any public control permitted over the counting of the votes - that’s why a lot of people are sure that the results was falsified. In the voting took part only 66% of citizens having a right to vote – the people began to understand that the Government is not honest.
The Constitution omit to indicate the existance of the Russian-speaking Estonians and to protect their rights and liberties. Before today the Russian-speaking Estonians are discriminated.

1992 – it was formed a new Government completely composed of ex-members of communist party and some foreigners (the foreignes in the Government showed explicitly that Estonia was under the interference and pressure of other countries, one of these – the USA). Estonia have never become really free. The presence of the foreigners in the Government have influenced politics and  choices and have caused a great damage to the country. The today’s president of Estonia is an American born in Sweden (Tomas Hindrek Ilves) and it is the sad truth.
In 1992 the State properties was denazionalized and the most of them were taken by politicians and their relatives and friends. Some citizens were not allowed to partecipate. The works and entreprises were closed and the brothel, the prostitutes’ houses, casino and discoteques were created instead of it. There were created the trafficking of the women and children, organized paedophily and prostitution, trafficking of arms and drugs, organised criminality, mafia-type bandit brigade. The women is seen only as an object of prostitution without dignity. In the soviet time these types of criminality didn’t exist and politicians and their foreign accompliced became very rich with its creating and developing.
Only a few people try to protect the values of family and moral.
The low is made in basis of the lows of 1939 and doesn’t protect the citizens against the modern crimes.  Now the European Union helps to Estonian citizen obliging the Estonian Government to renew the low and accept the modern low.
A substantial group of population, who was trasferred into Estonia in the soviet time and who was a real victim of socialism/communism and its politics, was deprived of right to citizenship, even if they live all life long or are born in Estonia (paying the taxes to Estonia). The Govrnment calls these people with a nick “Alien”. For these people the communism continues till today.
It’s possible to say that European Union protects the Estonian citizens against the Estonian Government (against the crimes of the Estonian Government).

1994 – the wreck of the ship “Estonia”. The Estonian Governments blocks the inqiries, the mass-media have told that there the nuclear wesapons were trafficked and some members of Government orgnized it.

31/08/1994 – the last parts od the soviet army leave Estonia (“Soviet army” doesn’t mean “Russian army” but the international army af all Republics of the USSR including the Estonians).

1995 – a greate scandal with the president’s nieces: two girls organized  several orgy in the Palace of president. A big group of teenagers drank alcohol bevarages, used the drugs and urinated to the flag of Estonia. This case shows the moral qualities of persons who have (seized) the power in Estonia.
It’s no possible to know whether there was a process or not, whether the teenagers were re-educated by social workers or payed the damage.

16/07/1997 – the European commision effered to Estonia and other 5 countries to began the talks about entry into European Union.

2004 – Estonia entered into European Union in basis of an irregular undemocratic referendum.